ABSTRACT This study investigated the profile of orchidists, their cultivation practices, and their knowledge about pests in orchid cultivation in the state of Bahia. There were applied 74 questionnaires to producers (amateurs and commercials) in 23 municipalities. The data were submitted to univariate statistics using the chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney U-test and the Kruskal–Wallis H-test. The survey shows that orchid cultivation is mostly practiced by women (67.6%) and those with higher education (48.7%). Most respondents were amateurs (87.8%). Insects (39.9%) and diseases (32.5%) were the main organisms associated with phytosanitary problems. The presence of insects was reported to occur mainly in the leaves (47%), mainly mealybugs (46.3%). Correspondence was significant between commercial and amateur groups according to the pairwise Mann–Whitney U-test(1) = 370.04 and p < 0.01. The Kruskal–Wallis H-test(27) = 924.78 and p < 0.01 discriminated categories between the groups. Despite the growing interest in orchid cultivation in the state of Bahia, most orchidists are amateurs. The study warns about the risk of pest dispersion between crops since exchanging plants and purchasing specimens in open markets are common practices.

RESUMO: O trânsito de plantas infestadas pode favorecer a introdução de herbívoros em regiões livres de pragas. Neste estudo, relata-se a presença de ácaros-praga em Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg. Os ácaros foram coletados de folhas de orquídeas com danos. Identificou-se Brevipalpus californicus (BANKS, 1904) (sensu latu), Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, 1949 e Tenuipalpus orchidofilo Moraes & Freire, 2001 (Tenuipalpidae). Até o momento, essas espécies não haviam sido registradas em D. phalaenopsis. O estudo alerta sobre a importância de cuidados fitossanitários adequados para o cultivo e comercialização de orquídeas, uma vez que esses ácaros também podem infestar outras plantas cultivadas, além de danificar orquídeas.

ABSTRACT: The transit of infested plants may favor the introduction of herbivores into pest-free regions. In this study, we reported the occurrence of pest mites in Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg. Mites were collected from orchid leaves with lesions. We identified Brevipalpus californicus (Banks, 1904) (sensu latu), Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, 1949 and Tenuipalpus orchidofilo Moraes & Freire, 2001 (Tenuipalpidae). These species had not been registered in D. phalaenopsis. This study reinforces the importance of adequate phytosanitary care for orchid cultivation, since these mites can infest other cultivated plants and damage orchids.

ABSTRACT This work carried out a literary review of the different aspects related to the use of propolis in the management of plant crops and their advances in agriculture. Propolis is a product widely known for its therapeutic capacity. Due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, among other biological activities, its use has been studied in agriculture. Studies they show that the use of propolis via ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) provides beneficial effects on crops. These benefits are associated with the control of phytopathogens, postharvest preservation and conservation of fruits and vegetables and promotion of plant growth. There is evidence that benefits are the result of the propolis chemical composition that is especially rich in phenolic compounds and nutrients. In addition, the typical waxy property of propolis results in an efficient biofilm in plant tissues. There are still scarce reports showing that the use of EEP in crop management controls the presence of insects and reduces water stress in plants. Generally, studies are mainly focused on in vivo and greenhouse evaluations, requiring further research to elucidate the full potential of the use of propolis in crop management.

Resumo O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar tanto a condição microbiológica quanto as diferenças físico-químicas existentes em pólens armazenados por diferentes espécies de abelhas sem ferrão no Nordeste do Brasil. Os pólens armazenados foram coletados nas colônias mantidas em meliponários das seguintes espécies: Melipona subnitida, M.scutellaris, M. mandacaia, Scaptotrigona sp. e Frieseomellita varia. Com relação às análises de qualidade microbiológica, as mesmas foram realizadas em micro-organismos indicadores de qualidade comercial (mesófilos, bolores e leveduras), qualidade sanitária (Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, coliformes fecais e Escherichia coli), e de segurança (esporos de Clostridium sulfito redutores e Salmonella spp.). Para os parâmetros físico-químicos, os mesmos foram avaliados de acordo com a exigência do Regulamento Técnico (RT) de qualidade para pólen apícola, e também para compostos fenólicos. Todas as amostras apresentaram condição microbiológica de acordo com as recomendações aceitáveis para o consumo humano. Os resultados confirmaram as diferenças na composição físico-química do pólen armazenado das cinco espécies; no entanto, houve formação de três grupos de pólens armazenados com base nos parâmetros físico-químicos. As amostras da espécie M. scutellaris apresentaram conteúdo de compostos fenólicos cinco vezes mais elevado aos outros méis das espécies avaliadas. Logo, este estudo permitiu conhecer a composição dos pólens armazenados por abelhas sem ferrão, por conseguinte reforçando a necessidade de reformular o Regulamento Técnico (RT) existente no Brasil para pólen apícola, de forma a abranger os pólens armazenados das espécies nativas.

Abstract The present study aimed at checking the microbiological condition and physicochemical differences of the pollen stored by different stingless bee species in the north east of Brazil. The stored pollen was collected from apiaries of colonies of the species Melipona subnitida, M.scutellaris, M. mandacaia, Scaptotrigona sp. and Frieseomellita varia. The microbiological quality was analysed for the main microbial indicators of commercial quality (mesophiles, moulds, and yeasts), sanitary quality (coagulase positive Staphylococcus, faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli ) and safety (sulphite-reducing Clostridium spores and Salmonella ). The physicochemical parameters evaluated were those required by the Brazilian Technical Regulation for Bee Pollen Quality, as well as the phenolic compounds. The microbiological condition of all the samples was within the recommended levels for human consumption. The results confirmed differences in the physicochemical compositions of the pollens stored by the five species studied, forming three groups according to the physicochemical parameters. The samples of the species M. Scutellaris showed five times more phenolic compounds than the pollens of the other species assessed. The present study allowed for knowledge of the composition of the pollens stored by stingless bees, reinforcing the need for reformulation of the current Technical Regulation for Bee Pollen in order to include the pollen stored by native species.

The objectives of this research were to determine physico-chemical characteristics of 1,758 Apis mellifera L. honey samples produced by in the productive pole of Picos, state of Piauí, to understand, based on these characteristics, how they are grouped and to determine the percentage of honey that fit the specifications determined by Brazilian legislation. Thirty-five honey samples were collected directly from beekeepers for determination of total sugars, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, humidity, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), protein, ash, pH, acidity, formol index, electrical conductivity, viscosity and color. Mean values of each one of the analyzed physico-chemical parameters are within the limits established by the current Brazilian legislation, but it was verified for apparent sacarosis, diastase activity and HMF, values different from the established ones. Protein and HMF were the traits that contributed most for group formation.

Objetivou-se, na presente pesquisa, desenvolvida com amostras de méis de Apis mellifera coletadas diretamente dos produtores de diversos municípios do estado de Ceará, Brasil, verificar, com base em características físico-químicas, como se agrupam as amostras de méis. Dentre as 52 amostras de méis analisadas as que continham pólen de Serjania sp. como dominante ou acessório, formam um subgrupo distinto quanto aos caracteres físico-químicos, o que confirma que a origem floral interfere decisivamente nas características dos méis. Pela análise dos componentes principais, pôde-se verificar que os caracteres que mais influenciaram no agrupamento das amostras de méis foram acidez e índice de formol no eixo X e pH e cinzas no eixo Y.

This paper was carried out to determine how the honey samples of the State of Ceará, Brazil may be grouped, based on the physicochemical composition of the honey. The samples were collected in different municipalities. Among the 52 honey samples analyzed it was observed that the samples which have Sejania sp. as dominant or accessory pollen form a different sub-group based on the physicochemical parameters. The results confirm that the honey bee composition is influenced by the plant nectar. The grouping of the honey samples was mostly influenced by acidity and formol index on the X axis, and pH and ashes, on the Y axis.

O presente trabalho avaliou o perfil sensorial e a aceitabilidade de méis de abelhas sem ferrão submetidos a dois processos de conservação, objetivando obter maior vida de prateleira. Foram utilizadas amostras de méis de Melipona scutellaris e M. quadrifasciata, coletadas no Estado da Bahia entre dezembro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006. As amostras foram submetidas aos processos de pasteurização e desumidificação, passando em seguida por avaliação sensorial. O perfil sensorial foi determinado no Laboratório de Entomologia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, em Cruz das Almas, Estado da Bahia. Os atributos analisados foram: fluidez, cor, aroma, cristalização, sabor e aceitabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que os processos de conservação utilizados não interferem no perfil sensorial e na aceitabilidade do produto.

The present work was conducted to evaluate the sensorial profile and the acceptability of the honey of stingless bees submitted to two conservation processes seeking to obtain longer shelf life. The samples of Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata honey were collected in the State of Bahia, Brazil, between December 2005 and January 2006. The samples were first submitted to pasteurization and dehumidification processes and then to sensorial evaluation. The sensorial profile was determined in the Laboratory of Entomology in the Center for Agrarian, Biological, and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Recôncavo Bahiano, in Cruz das Almas, in the state of Bahia. The analyzed attributes were: fluidity, color, scent, crystallization, flavour, and acceptability. The results show that the conservation processes used do not interfere with the sensorial profile and the product acceptability.

Com o objetivo de determinar os tipos polínicos de méis produzidos por Apis mellifera L., 1758, no município de Picos, Estado do Piauí, foram realizadas análises polínicas de 35 amostras de méis coletadas entre novembro e dezembro de 2001 no Laboratório de Apicultura do Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo. A identificação dos tipos polínicos foi realizada por meio de descrições obtidas em literatura especializada. Os resultados demonstraram que foram encontrados 36 tipos polínicos, distribuídos em 18 famílias botânicas, sendo consideradas como pólen dominante Piptadenia sp. (Mimosaceae), Mimosa caesalpiniiaefolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), M. verrucosa Benth. (Mimosaceae) e Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae).

This research deals with the pollinic types of honeys produced by Apis mellifera L., 1758 in the municipality of Picos, State of Piaui were determined in the Laboratory of Apiculture, Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Agricultural Zoology, College of Agriculture ‘Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, pollinic analysis of 36 honey samples collected in November and December of 2001. The identification of e pthollinic made by types was specialized literature. The results showed that 36 types of pollen were found, distributed in 18 botanical families, and the following plant species were considered as dominant Piptadenia sp. (Mimosaceae), Mimosa caesalpiniiaefolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), M. verrucosa Benth. (Mimosaceae) and Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae).

Com o objetivo de verificar as características físico-químicas de amostras de méis coletadas em cidades do Estado do Ceará (Araripe, Santana do Cariri, Assaré, Iguatu, Crato, Missão Velha e Pacajús), foram determinados no Laboratório de Apicultura do Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP: açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, sacarose aparente, umidade, atividade diastásica, hidroximetilfurfural, proteína, cinzas, pH, acidez, índice de formol, condutividade elétrica, viscosidade e cor de 20 amostras de méis Apis mellifera L., 1758, coletadas entre março de 2002 e agosto de 2002. A maioria das amostras de méis analisadas (65%) encontra-se dentro das especificações brasileiras para as características físico-químicas, com exceção das características sacarose aparente (10% das amostras), umidade (10% das amostras), atividade diastásica (35% das amostras) e HMF (20% das amostras). Os resultados indicaram condutividade elétrica e a sacarose aparente como as características que mais influenciaram no agrupamento das amostras.

This research was aimed at to determining physico-chemical characteristics honey samples collected in cities of Ceara States (Araripe; Santana do Cariri 1 sample; Assaré 1 sample; Iguatu 8 samples; Crato 4 samples; Missão Velha 2 samples and Pacajús 3 samples), they were determined at the laboratory of Apiculture in the "Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, São Paulo State: total sugar, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, humidity, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), protein, ash, pH, acidity, formol index, electrical conductivity, viscosity and color of 20 samples of Apis mellifera L., 1758 honey collected between March of 2002 and August of 2002. Most of the samples of honey analyzed (65%) are inside of the Brazilian specifications for the characteristics physical-chemistries except for the characteristics apparent sucrose (10% of the samples), humidity (10% of the samples), diastase activity (35% of the samples) and HMF (20% of the samples). The results showed electrical conductivity and apparent sucrose as characteristics that most influenced grouping samples.

Honey is a food used since the most remote times, appreciated for its characteristic flavor, considerable nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, little information exists about the presence of chemical elements in it. The objectives of this work were to determine the chemical elements present in 38 honey samples, collected directly from beekeepers from the State of Piauí, Brazil and to verify whether they presented any contamination. The chemical elements were determined by means of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence. The means of three replicates were: K (109.671 ± 17.487), Ca (14.471 ± 3.8797), Ti (0.112 ± 0.07), Cr (0.196 ± 0.11), Mn (0.493 ± 0.103), Fe (1.722 ± 0.446), Co (0.038), Ni (0.728 ± 0.706), Cu (0.179 ± 0.0471), Zn (0.967 ± 0.653), Se (not detected), Br (not detected), Rb (0.371 ± 0.097), Sr (0.145 ± 0.45), Ba (11.681), Hg (not detected), and Pb (0.863) µg g-1.

This research, developed with Apis mellifera honey samples from producers of São Paulo State, Brazil, has the objective of verifying how eucalyptus, wild flower, and orange honey samples would be clustered, based on physicochemical characteristics. All the orange honey samples and some wild flower ones formed distinct groups, thus confirming that the floral source interferes with honey characteristics. Eucalyptus and some of the wild flower honey samples were clustered together because of the great floral source variation in the latter ones. The characteristics that influence sample clustering are acidity and electric conductivity on the X axis, and total sugars and pH on the Y axis.

Análises de amostras de mel da abelha Melipona mandacaia provenientes do município de São Gabriel, região semi-árida do Estado da Bahia, foram realizadas com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento das características físico-químicas desse produto. Os parâmetros analisados foram: Umidade (%); Hidroximetilfurfural (mg.kg-1); Açúcares Redutores (%); Sacarose (%); Viscosidade (mPa. s); Condutividade Elétrica (µS); pH; Acidez (meq.kg-1); Índice de Formol (mL.kg-1); e Cor. A maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos apresentou valores médios adequados para o consumo humano, o que possibilita a exploração desse produto pelas comunidades rurais da região semi-árida da Bahia. Contudo, o teor de umidade elevado é um aspecto que requer uma maior atenção por parte do produtor, que deverá ter maiores cuidados com a higiene na manipulação do mel durante a coleta e no processo de armazenamento, evitando a sua contaminação por microrganismos que causam a depreciação do produto.

Honey samples of the Melipona mandacaia stingless bee collected in the São Gabriel county, semi-arid region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, were analyzed with the objective of contributing for the knowledge of the characteristics physico-chemical of that product. The parameters analyzed were: Moisture (%); Hydroxymethylfurfural (mg.kg-1); Reducing Sugars (%); Sucrose (%); Viscosity (mPa.s); Electrical Conductivity (µS); pH; Acidity (meq.kg-1); Formol Index (mL.kg-1); and Color. Most of the physico-chemical parameters showed values adequated for the human consumption, facilitating the exploration of the product by rural communities of the semi-arid area of Bahia. However, the high moisture content is an aspect that deserves a greater attention by the part of producers, who should have concern with hygiene cares when manipulating the honey during the collection and the storage processes, avoiding its contamination with microorganisms that may cause depreciation of the product.

Análises de amostras de mel da abelha Melipona asilvai provenientes dos municípios de Itaberaba e Tucano, região semi-árida do Estado da Bahia, foram realizadas com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento das características físico-químicas desse produto. A maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos apresentou valores adequados para o consumo humano, o que possibilita a exploração desse produto pelas comunidades rurais da região semi-árida da Bahia. Contudo, o teor de umidade elevado é um aspecto que merece uma maior atenção por parte do produtor, que deverá ter cuidado com a higiene na manipulação do mel durante a coleta e no processo de armazenamento.

Honey samples of the Melipona asilvai stingless bee collected in the Itaberaba and Tucano counties, semi-arid region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, were analyzed with the objective of contributing for the knowledge of the characteristics physical-chemical of that product. Most of the physical-chemical parameters showed values adequated for the human consumption, faciliting the exploration of that product by rural communities of the semi-arid area of Bahia. However, the high humidity values is an aspect that deserves a greater attention by the part of producers, who should have concern with hygiene cares when manipulating the honey during the collection and the storage processes.